World Wars And The Great Depression Essay - 1608 Words

Unbeknownst to the masses, information had been controlled by the oligarchy for the sake of â€Å"national security† or economic and social cooperation. Although this had been a theme throughout hundreds of dystopian novels, such overarching influence is lamentably applied in societies throughout the world. Historically, nation/states across the globe have manipulated information regarding controversial events to maintain the national identity, of which had facilitated cooperation by creating a common enemy. Throughout history, the majority have made minorities the scapegoats during times of crises and socioeconomic turmoil, validating the injustices performed against them. This strategy of garnering cooperation throughout the masses through prejudice allowed them to survive events such as the Great Depression, World Wars and insidious campaigns all while maintaining morale, but there has been overwhelming evidence that any type of nationalism, despite the intention, is detrim ental. Unfortunately, in constituting love for one’s nation through hate, one would need to constantly find a demographic minority to do so. Such has been the case not only throughout the United States’ history but is also present in India’s history where true events have been convoluted and objectivity is nonexistent. This lack of regard for the truth has been present in American history concerning a variety of ethnic groups and has led to the foundation of current biases towards them. For example, theShow MoreRelatedWorld Wars And The Great Depression1262 Words   |  6 Pages I’m not alone. Millions of Americans have the same questions. So, what happened? Were so many of our families separated in the westward expansion that we lost our connections to the past? Were families in such crisis during the World Wars or the Great Depression that mere survival was their only focus? Was there a generation that just wanted to forget the past? Was it the â€Å"live for today† mentality of the ‘60s that deemed it â€Å"old fashioned† to have any roots or history? It was probably aRead MoreWorld Wars And The Great Depression1059 Words   |  5 Pagesscene† (1977, 6.) Basically, Polanyi wants economists to give due acknowledgement to the role of politics and other kinds of social interactions. This is best seen in The Great Transformation, where Polanyi explained the chaotic disruptions in the first half of the twentieth century—colonialism, world wars and the Great Depression—by pointing to the â€Å"self-regulating market† established in Britain in the nineteenth century. Th e general orientation was that the market had become the prime institutionRead MoreWorld War II And The Great Depression1658 Words   |  7 Pages The highly numbered risks of war have rigorous effects on societies around the world. World War II had positive and negative effects during and after the war. After the war, the formation of the United Nations helped negotiate and maintain peace, and during the war more jobs helped get the United States out of its biggest economic crisis, the Great Depression. Although, some economists argue that by creating more jobs during World War II, put America into even more debt than the country was alreadyRead MoreWorld War II : The Great Depression1543 Words   |  7 PagesDanielle Gentry Gary Damon American History II 10:00 MWF 25 April 2016 World War II Two decades after the first World War happen another world war occurred known as World War II. There were many causes that led up to this war. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, but Germany had to accept the responsibility of the war. Therefore, Germany economy went downhill and people were starving because of war debt. The Great Depression had a big effect on a lot of countries; therefore, countries startedRead MoreWorld War I And The Great Depression1131 Words   |  5 Pageswas booming and the people were relishing in the modern society. When the Great Depression hit Americans continued to hold an isolationist stance as they focused on the deteriorating situation going on at home. Throughout this time period of 1920 to 1941, America dealt with major events, such as the end of World War I to the Roaring Twenties turning into the Great Depression in 1929, and then the beginning of World War II, along with the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. As these events took placeRe ad MoreThe Great Depression And World War II Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagescatastrophes occurred: the Great Depression and World War II. American political leaders established a cause-effect relationship between economic collapse and total war, based on these two events, which defined their policy approach in the post-war period. In the 1930s, American leadership, and most importantly, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, came to view economic decline, political radicalization, and instability as forming a vicious cycle that led to utter chaos and war. Although FDR did not knowRead MoreWorld War I And The Great Depression1598 Words   |  7 PagesBefore World War I, the United States was in a period of isolationism, and a determination to stay out of European wars and affairs, while trying to maintain its status as one of the world’s biggest superpowers, militarily and economically (â€Å"United States Before†). America was just exiting the Gilded Age, which was an important time of growth and prosperity. Despite this, the American economy was in a small recession when entering the war, which was reversed by a 44 month period of growth causedRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II1507 Words   |  7 PagesFaced with the Great Depression and World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt, nicknamed â€Å"FDR,† guided America through its greatest domestic crisis, with the exception of the Civil War, and its greatest foreign crisis. His presidency—which spanned twelve years—was unparalleled, not only in length but in scope. FDR took office with the country mired in a horrible and debilitating economic depression that not only sapped its material wealth and spiritual strength, but cast a pall over its future. RooseveltRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The World War I1261 Words   |  6 Pagesmass effect what happens; death, trench warfare, suffering of countries, of world war 1, the countries have began another war, WWII. I know this is a shock to you, but another war has begun. So let us sit down, I will let you take a breath, and when you are ready to begin, I will show you what the spark of WW11. There is a new leader instilled in Germany! WWII was caused by the invasion of Poland, and France declaring war on Germany, Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism, appeasement,Read MoreThe Great Depression And World War II955 Words   |  4 PagesIn America, the period between the Great Depression and World War II was rife with uncertainty. The struggles of the Great Depression were over, but their lasting effects shed doubt on America’s future. Persephone, was an attempt by Thomas Hart Benton in 1939 to cement regionalism as the official American art style during this era. However, despite his attempt to promote hope in America’s future, while still acknowledging the despair of the Great Depression, Persephone was regarded as obscene. Regionalism

The Disastrous Social Impacts Caused By The Industrial...

The disastrous social impacts caused by the Industrial Revolution can be sourced back to the dramatic population increases seen in England before and during the revolution. In 1696, the population of London was 530,000, cities and other towns consisted of 870,000 inhabitants, while villages had a population of 4,100,000. In 1881, these numbers drastically increased as the urban population was 17,285,026, and the rural population was 8,683,026. Between the beginning of the revolution and its end, England underwent massive population growth. This population increase expedited the revolution as it provided a ready number of workers who could aid factories in producing massive amounts of product. Moreover, this population upsurge resulted in†¦show more content†¦It also demonstrates how the poor had more offspring in an attempt to try and augment their already miniscule income. As a result of the Industrial Revolution and the population changes it brought about, the living conditions of the working class declined sharply. As the population and size of working class families increased, conditions diminished significantly. James Wilson was a writer who documented the development of Great Britain. In 1851 James Wilson wrote that: We have ample means of showing by indisputable facts that wealth has been diffused as well as increased during the period under review; that so far from â€Å"the rich having become richer and the poor poorer,† as is so often and so inconsiderately asserted, the middle classes have advanced faster than the great, and the command over the comforts and luxuries of life, even among peasants and artisans, is far greater now than at any former period. †¦ This quote exhibits how the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to England, but in the wrong places. The wealth that came into England due to mechanical advancements led to an even greater discrepancy in wealth between the upper and lower classes. Factory owners, primarily members of the upper class, became extremely wealthy because of the new efficiency of their factories. The lower classes however, were payed very little wages for long work days, which created an unfavorable

What can you learn from this source about attitudes to women in Britain in 1914 Free Essays

Source A basically reveals that women should pressurise their husbands/sons to fight in the war. Women should support men in their war and encourage them to volunteer/enlist to fight in the war even if they don’t want to. The Government are dependant on the women to get as many soldiers as possible to fight in this hostile war and this might help in getting the role of women in society to improve for the better. We will write a custom essay sample on What can you learn from this source about attitudes to women in Britain in 1914? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main purpose of this source is to get more men into war by manipulating peoples mind through propaganda, censorship, morale, patriotism, and Jingoism. Its one of the ways the Government tried to cope with the war-effect. In title of the source to the ‘YOUNG WOMEN OF LONDON’ they have used bold, capital letters to emphasize that this source is directed at all the women in particular. In the first section it’s tying to say that if your son isn’t in military uniform, don’t you think he should be (at the women)? They tried to show this by using a direct method of grabbing attention. The words YOU and THINK are in bold capital and underlined letters because to stress the point of recruiting more men into war by persuading their partner/women to make them go. It’s like the government is pleading for recruitment. In the second that are trying to say that if he can’t be bothered to fight for beloved country and doesn’t think it is worthy is he really worthy of being a son or husband who will be needed in later life. If he doesn’t possesses the characteristics of being: strong, brave, willing, courageous and patriotic then he really can’t be called a man. The word worthy is underlined and in bold capital letters to get this point across. Thirdly in the next point it is trying to say you shouldn’t feel sorry for lonely girls/wives because their husbands or sons are doing their rightful and lawful duty of fighting for their darling country. Also it is referring to the women as YOU which is in bold and underlined to tell them that their men are fighting for them and are repaying back their love for them. Being lonely for the women is actually better because they have a commanding role of running the family back home. In the provenance it is basically if he doesn’t fight for his country (monarchy) then the women will also be neglected and left. If they don’t car about their country which gives them everything and how will they care about you. I think that the provenance is propaganda which is used to persuade and influence the minds of women. Finally it says ‘join the army TODAY’ which is saying that that women should convince the men so quickly that they instantly join the army. In conclusion I think that the attitudes to women in Britain in 1914 wasn’t much better as they were only were dependant by the Government in recruiting more men to war. Some women might not want to send their husbands to war and were forced as other families did and if they didn’t; their family reputation would be diminished. Others might argue that the attitudes changed because they had more family responsibilities and ran the house by paying the taxes, bills and working in factory. Also they might say that they have been treated well as women and have become more dependant and useful. Q3 Study Source C This Poster produced in 1915 I think that this poster is produced in 1915 because it has been one year in to the war and as Britain is coping with the war effects its wants more recruitment. The source is basically about women doing their bit for the war and they are getting themselves recruited. The purpose of this source is to get more men and women to help in fighting the war and is trying to say if a woman is doing it then more should do as they are doing it for their beloved country. Another reason it could be produced is that they want more women to work in factories and this in a way changed their role as by 1915, the new style of war meant needed them to fill in the gaps left by men such as working in factories, T-unions etc. Women were helping the war effort by doing jobs such as: Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) or First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), and as drivers, cooks, mechanics and land army. Many women ‘munitionettes’ worked in the government’s munitions factories like it says on the poster’ learn to make munitions’ which is the most important job after the army of making the essential weapons needed to win the war. This was one way the Government was organising/financing and running the war. This picture essentially shows a happy women getting ready to put on her coat, ready to business for her country. This emphasizes patriotism and commitment the women are willing to take. In the background you can see people (men) leaving for the war and are getting cheered on as they go. This also shows the recruitment of soldiers the Government has made. Women also took on traditional men’s jobs and became firemen, coalmen and bus conductors to keep everything going perfectly back home. This was also a chance for women to shows that they can do men jobs and should have an improved role in society. This source compares with source b by because that this one is showing that women are doing their both whereas the other contrasts a bit and is saying women running land army will help win the war In conclusion I think the main purpose of this poster was for the Government to get more recruitment, men and women. How to cite What can you learn from this source about attitudes to women in Britain in 1914?, Papers

Mis free essay sample

How can Second Life provide value to businesses that use it? Answer: Second life may also serve as a new marketing tool. Second Life can provide value to businesses that use it by providing a low-cost birthing ground for new industries and transform businesses, commerce, marketing and learning much the way the Web has done. It can help facilitate internal communications and help companies recruit tech- sax. n. y employees. Second Life provides businesses with tools for online conferencing, online collaboration, knowledge management, and prototyping. Companies can test ew products using S -D rendering programs. They can experiment with new marketing and advertising campaigns to see how people react. They can receive feedback on real-world products or services. Question 2: What kinds of businesses are most likely to benefit from a presence on Second Life? Why? Answer: Retail businesses that are already used to doing business online may have an easier time of establishing a viable presence on Second Life. We will write a custom essay sample on Mis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are used to advertising and marketing to customers online and have the systems built for taking orders, accepting payments, and shipping products. Other companies, like 18M, that ave established online collaboration systems and online knowledge management systems will probably have an easier time using Second Life as another outlet for these activities. Question 3: Considering what you have learned about Second Life, how could you, as an individual, create a modest start-up business on the Grid? What goods would you sell? Why would this be a good choice of product? What, in simple terms, would your business plan be? Why would it work? Answer: One potential new business would be to sell furnishings for online spaces. People inherently want to furnish and decorate their private spaces. The products could be bought and sold. The start-up cost I can create the furnishers how to deliver the products, customer follow-up ideas, and financial planning. Question 4: Visit eBay on the Web and see what Second Life items you can find listed for auction. How would you rate the activity surrounding these items? Are you surprised by what you see? Why or why not? Answer: Obviously the information for this question will fluctuate. As of this writing, eBay offered 211 items. They included how-to manuals for making money on Second Life, a guide to selling land, and selling linden dollars. I m surprised to realize how advanced and pervasive sites like Second t Li e nave become. Question 5: What obstacles does Second Life have to overcome in order to become a mainstream business tool? Does it face fewer or more obstacles to become a mainstream educational tool? To what do you attribute the difference? Answer: Second Life needs to overcome the idea and perception that -of-use, interoperability between pre-established business between its system and external business systems -input into either system. Second Life faces more obstacles in trying to become a mainstream educational tool. Educators are inherently opposed to online, distance education because it supposedly lacks the face-to-face communication between teachers and students. However, as more education is carried online, Second Life has all the tools in place to make it easy to conduct classes, especially its online collaboration tools. Question 6: would you like to interview for a Job using second life? Why or why not? Answer: I won t like to be interviewed fro a Job using second life. Because it is Just a game for me. My appearnce, speech, intellegence can t be shown through a avatar. So for Job interview I would prefer one on one communications.

Work Cited Essays - Mass Media, Clothing, Coat, Vogue,

Work Cited Clothes Psychology: What Your Clothing Tells Others About Who You Are and Who You Want to Be By sixwise.com ND Article. Sixwise.com. Web. 1/28/16 Mind Games: Sometimes a White Coat Isnt Just a White Coat April 2, 2012 by Blakeslee, Sandra Article. The New York Times. 2012. Web. 1/28/16 Vogue Confidence Dressing: How Clothing Affects the Mind April 27, 2012 2:04 pm by Bernard, Katherine Article. Vogue City Directory, 2012. Web. 1/28/16

The Issue of Conserving the Environment in the US

The Issue of Conserving the Environment in the US Tidwell talks about the issue of global warming, which has been termed in the academic circles as the global commons. The United States, just like other countries in the world, is being faced with the issue of conserving the environment in order to resolve the issue of global warming. In the United States, the water bodies are polluted each day, dust and gases are in the air, and the surrounding is full of waste products. This has an effect to the environment, which threatens the world security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Conserving the Environment in the US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental degradation is a global common because pollution in one country would probably affect the health of individuals in other countries. As the president was meeting other heads of states from all over the world, the issue of conserving the environment in the US was still a matter of concern, just in the same way as states have continuously failed to come up with a single policy to address the problems affecting the environment. Based on this issue, Tadwell advises Americans to neglect the policies that urge them to protect the environment at the individual level. This is because real pollution is caused by companies, which are never given regulatory policies to guide their production. For real environmental conservation, Tadwell advises that citizens should stop giving in to the tricks of the government and lobby the parliament to come up with laws that would lead to real environmental conservation. In this regard, environmentalists should employ the techniques utilized by the civil groups in 1960s, such as demonstration, to lobby politicians to design environmentally friendly laws. In the United States, there are quite a number of green gestures, but little political action. This means that various groups are willing to conserve the environment, but there is no political goodwill . He observes that the former president, George W. Bush, encouraged individuals to take the initiative of conserving the environment, but pollution rates have never changed. The country needs to come up with strong policies that would ensure the problem of global warming is resolved. The consequences of global warming are stern because some parts of the world might be extinct. For instance, some Irelands such as the Eastern Shores may join others, which will bring about conflicts. Hurricane, which is related to global warming, will bring about untold suffering. Therefore, it is upon Americans to come up with strategies that would prevent all these. The main solution to the problem of global warming is agitating for sustainable development. This means that today’s production should take into consideration the future generation. In this case, production should be friendly to the environment to prevent global warming.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The future generation would have nothing to produce in case the rate at which the environment is being destroyed persists. Tadwell advises that the only way to ensure sustainability is through formulation of laws. He compares global warming to segregation. Segregation was a policy that had oppressed and subjugated many people in the United States. It was easy to end the policy through the designing of the appropriate law. Therefore, laws should be designed at both national and international level. The government of the United States should come with strong laws to punish those who destroy the environment. Similarly, the US should facilitate the crafting of the international environmental law. The only solution to pollution is the designing of laws.

Intellectual Property Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intellectual Property Rights - Essay Example In some jurisdictions, copyright, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and industrial design rights are also considered as common intellectual properties. The extent of protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights largely varies from country to country. Both common law and statute play a significant role in the IP law relating to the creation and protection of intellectual property. Since trademarks, patents, and copyrights are under private ownership for a restricted period of time, specific statues are concerned with the creation and serving of such concepts. US Constitution and Congressional legislature is the major institution responsible for the governance of copyrights and patents whereas state and federal laws are concerned with trademarks and unfair competition disputes. Since patent law is a very complicated and broad one, several adjustments are made to patent law according the nature of breach of contract. 2. In Japan, works created by an individual under his own name or a known pseudonym are legally protected for fifty years after the individual’s death. ... According to the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) of 1998, copyright would last for the life of the author plus 70 years under normal case while the copyright may last for 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation in the case of corporate authorship works. Hence, if the author dies tonight after he created some music or sculpture in the morning, the copyright for his work will expire after 70 years. 6. When an individual works for a software company, he may own the software he created and it will be protected by copyright even if he has not formed a written agreement with the company. In the absence of a written agreement, creations of a salaried individual belong to his employer’s property. In order to apply for a software patent, it is necessary to provide the current state of the art, usefulness of the invention, software invention steps, and related flow diagrams and system diagrams. 7. An individual or group of individuals who have created a unique, origin al, and creative work of expression is given copyright. ‘Gone With The Wind’ (the book and film) and ‘System of A Down’ are some of the examples of copyright works. In addition, literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, and computer databases are some other examples that qualify for copyright protection. Likewise, the right to show the name of the performer, right to control the reproduction of transmitted programs, and the right to control the broadcasting of live performances represent the examples of neighboring rights. 8. Secondary copyright deals with the manufacture and distribution of infringing copies. For instance, the trader who unintentionally sells or stores the infringed copies may be

The recruitment, selection and training methods of LVMH Essay - 1

The recruitment, selection and training methods of LVMH - Essay Example Given below is the systematically defined roadmap for underlying research in order to achieve objective of the research. 3.1 Purpose of Study Human resource management has growingly taken the strategic position in the business management and now organizations have realized the importance of managing human resource strategically. Since realization of fact that human resource is the most important capital asset all scale businesses have started to develop mechanism that ensure increased efficiency in business operations. Further, for developing such mechanism most of the businesses try to replicate mechanism employed at other businesses that have gained success across the board. Hence, the purpose of the research is to explore the human resource management of LVMHs that has gained success as an international organization. More specifically, the research explores the recruitment, selection and training section of the human resource management functions of LVMH. LVMH has 100,000 employed with 80% of the employees working for organization outside the country of origin, France. With such business model, the business has successfully managed the diverse employee base across various countries. Hence, exploring the mentioned functions of LVMH will fulfill the purpose of research of identifying the recruitment, selection and training procedure employed at LVMH. With assessment of the processes the research also fulfills the purpose of aligning information pertaining to the success of LVMH presented in financial statement as well as form K. The other purpose that has been fulfilled by the research in this study is the presentation of recruitment, selection and training procedure for the businesses that intend to replicate the human resource model of successful organization to respective organizations. In addition to the above purposes that would benefit businesses on practical aspects, the research is aimed to contribute to the academic literature the assessment of certai n human resource function of internationally successful organization. As stated the purpose of the above research is to explore information about the organization; hence, the understudy research is regarded to be exploratory research. 3.1.1 Research Question The research question is concisely presenting the objectives of the study. Defining research question the researcher develops postulates that are to be specifically addressed by the research (Patton, 1980). Since every domain of study has its own expansions; therefore, developing research question facilitates the researcher with defining scope of the research to be addressed. With these factors, the researcher in the research presents specified set of questions that study intends to explore. Hence, the research question that underlying research, entitled Recruitment, Selection and Training of LVMH, is aimed to address includes following: What methodologies are adopted at LVMS for developing the candidate base under recruitment? What are the selection techniques employed at LVMH for short listing and then selecting the candidate for the particular job? What training methodologies are employed at LVMH to align the new employees on the same frequency of other employees? It further aims to explore the training methodol

The Use of Urinary Catheters in the Nursing Field Annotated Bibliography - 11

The Use of Urinary Catheters in the Nursing Field - Annotated Bibliography Example The article provides substantial statistics on the annual estimate of patients who end up being subjected to catheters. Its objective is to evaluate the prevalence and appropriateness of the use of catheters in the region. The article is fundamental because of its ability to examine the measures that should be considered before application of unnecessary catheters to patients. The context also outlines some of the challenges that are associated with the use of these devices. NHS Choices provides readers substantial content on the reasons why catheters are used. The various types of catheters, their risks as well as giving a well-detailed explanation of how patients can learn to live adequately with such conditions.T he articles’ ability to be all inclusive of the necessary knowledge on catheters makes it stand out. The kind of content in it is of a high quality hence I chose to use it to construct a source point out of it. From this abstract, the author is revealing the fact that in health care facilities, a urinary catheter is the most common infection that is caused by the attribution of the indwelling urinary catheter. The period that is taken by the catheterization determines the significant development of the biofilm. In acute healthcare facilities, more than 50 percent of patients that are taken care of in a prolonged term is found to have acquired the bacteria. The writer suggested that this infection will reduce if the use of an indwelling catheter and if it has to be used, it has to be in a technical way. According to the abstract, it highlights that male catheterization is a skilled procedure that needs an experienced expert.

Adam Smiths Contribution to Classical Political Economy

Adam Smiths Contribution to Classical Political Economy Assess the contribution of Adam Smith to the tradition of Classical Political Economy Important Assignment Related Notices Penalties: University policy requires that a penalty be deducted from the actual mark achieved for each working day the assignment is late until 0 is reached. There is a strict deadline of 11:59pm on day of submission. One grade step will be deducted for very 11:59pm deadline that is missed. Any written assessment that exceeds the stated word limit by more than 10% will receive a one grade step mark deduction. Extensions Plagiarism Information: For more information about extensions and plagiarism please refer to your One Stop Shop course. An Originality Report (OR) is generated by Turnitin every time a piece of work is submitted. The OR shows where matches have been found between the submitted document and other existing sources in the Turnitin database. Please note that all assignments will achieve a OR score due to the use of standard coversheets. C. Canvas Assignment Discussions Canvas provides a Discussion Area for each assignment. Both staff and students can leave messages in this area. Please ensure that all communication is undertaken in a professional and polite manner. Remember that: Electronic discussions do not have the benefit of the nonverbal and vocal cues that normally convey meaning in a traditional face-to-face conversation. Satire, sarcasm and â€Å"heat of the moment† feelings can come across as rudeness. Please check your tone before you post a Comment. Instant delivery of a message does not mean an instant reply. Please make an appointment within advertised office hours in the first instance to discuss any matter of assignment feedback and grading. It is College policy that staff will not be actively engaging in debate over matters of feedback and grades with individual students via Canvas’ online Speed Grader system. Assignment Grade: 100 98 93 88 85 83 78 75 73 68 65 63 58 55 53 48 45 43 38 33 28 23 18 13 8 3 0 Admin Note: Marker please a) highlight or box the grade from the above Grade Mark Steps that this assignment has achieved and b) insert the same % into the grade box in the right hand column of Canvas Speedgrader. Feedback Overview of submission (Definition of question, integration of theoretical and empirical material where appropriate, engagement with relevant themes and issues, engagement with relevant academic literature) Quality of research and analysis (Clarity and depth of argument, scope of argument, originality of approach, range of sources used, critical use of sources) Evidence of key skills (Structure, clarity of expression, proper referencing and accompanying bibliography, formatting, evidence of sustained research) Potential areas for improvement (How could a future submission be enhanced?) Assess the contribution of Adam Smith to the tradition of Classical Political Economy Introduction Adam Smith’s contribution to the tradition of classical political economy was hugely influential. This essay will discuss two of his major theories outlined in the Wealth of Nations; the division of labour and then the invisible hand, whilst briefly touching upon Smith’s view on the role of the state and the free-market. Smith was a moral philosopher from the late 18th Century and wrote; â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations† in 1776, to critique the political-economic system of the time; mercantilism. This was an economic theory and practice that encouraged imperialism and state intervention into the allocation of scarce resources. Smith was writing at the outset of the Industrial Revolution when the world was changing. In the Wealth of Nations, Smith proposed many revolutionary economic theories including; the division of labour, the labour theory of value, the role of the state in an economy and the invisible hand among others, which he thought would build a nations’ wealth. Classical political economy is a group of theories that developed in the 17th – 19th Century to try and understand society on the basis of its economic foundation. Smith viewed political economy as a branch of science of statesmen, aimed at providing its citizens with plentiful revenue or subsistence and sufficient revenue for state for public service. It proposed to enrich both the people and the sovereign. (Smith, 2008, p. 275; Burnham, P., 2014, A). Smith believed that society should be market-based, which he believed were characterised by the three factors of production; land, labour and capital. These factors of production produce three classes within society: landowners, capital owners and labour. Each clas s receives revenue, and all are independent of each other. Smith’s main point in the Wealth of Nations was that all classes could gain from an increase in the scope of the market; anything that impedes the free-market is a problem (Burnham, P., 2014, B). Discussion One of Smith’s key theories, proposed in the Wealth of Nations, was that of the division of labour. This refers to the separation of different parts of the production process according to the worker’s ability and/or the worker’s equipment. Smith believed that the benefits were clear; it enhanced the production process leading to a more efficient use of scarce resources as well as lowering the cost of production (Smith, 2008, Book I, ch.1). Furthermore, Smith strongly believed that the division of labour greatly increased the quantity a worker and/or firm could produce. The results of dividing labour are; the increase in the skill of the worker; reduced time loss upon switching production process, and the invention of machines which aids workers and enables one man to do the work of many. By reducing the worker’s part of the production process to one, simpler operation performed solely by the worker, this increases the worker’s skill and performance. As no worker needs to change task, more time can be dedicated to the production process. The specialisation of workers would enable firms to employ machinery, thus producing more goods more efficiently compared to human capital, reducing the number of workers required to make a certain quantity of goods, and therefore reducing the cost of production (Smith, 2008, pp.15-17). In the 18th Century when The Wealth of Nations was published, factory owners adopted his principle of people specialising in particular jobs as shown in his example of the pin-maker. This principle of specialisation has continued to modern industrial occupations, such as car manufacturing. However, Smith believed that the division of labour was limited by the extent of the market. For example, if the market is so small that a worker cannot sell their produce of labour efficiently, the worker will make losses, and so, on this basis, may work in an industry for which they are not skilled in. Smith argued that division of labour will only take place when the population is large, that will create enough demand for specialised services (Smith, 2008, Book I, ch. 3). Karl Marx disagreed with Smith’s theory, as he believed that specialisation would lead to the alienation of workers as the work becomes repetitive and reduces the value of the worker from a human being to that of a machine (Marx, 1988, p.72). In addition when work becomes more specialised, less training is required for each job, and so, the individual workers become less skilled than if one worker performed the whole task (Marx, 1999, p.119). Smith also critiques the division of labour; he believed that if a worker devoted their life to performing one or a few simple operations of which the effects are similar or the same, the worker has no occasion to discover methods for removing difficulties that never occur. Smith argues that because of this, the worker would generally become as stupid and ignorant as is possible for a human to be (Smith, 2008, pp. 429 430). Another one of Smith’s most prominent ideas was the concept of the ‘Invisible Hand’ and the idea of a free-market (Smith, 2008, Book IV, ch. 2). What Smith actually meant by ‘Invisible Hand’ is still a contested idea between economists, but it is widely believed that it is a metaphor to describe the guide of the allocation of scarce resources in a free-market. A free-market is a market free from government intervention and so the market price of goods are determined by the interaction between supply and demand. Smith stated that all actors, buyers and sellers, act in their own self-interest (Burnham, P., 2014, B). Smith claimed that, due to the absence of government intervention, buyers are free to choose where to buy goods from and seller are free to choose which goods they want to supply and at what price and quantity. Smith believed that this method would benefit society as buyers, acting in their own self-interest, would buy goods from the cheapest sellers. This would mean that firms would compete against each other, trying to gain as many customers as possible to maximise their own self-interest; profit. This would lead to firms cutting their prices in order to gain buyers. In turn, the inefficient firms with higher costs and whose use of resources are inefficient, will not be able to cut their prices, so are forced out of the market. An obvious example of this is budget airlines competing against each other, Laker Airways became bankrupt in 1982 trying to compete. This inevitably leads to a more efficient use of resources, with buyers getting their goods at a cheaper price and/or higher quality; improving their utility whilst the efficient firms reap the benefits of increased profits. Smith believed that because of this, the free-market is the best way to allocate scarce resources and that indi viduals trying to maximise their utility would in turn increase the utility of society (Smith, 2006, p.316). The most obvious example of the free-market theory in practice today is America – whether or not it is successful in allocating resources efficiently or lowering prices is debatable. A common misconception is that Smith wanted no state intervention whatsoever. However, although he wanted a small state, he saw four main roles for the state to play: to uphold the rule of law, to protect society from people who are against the market, to maintain public infrastructure, and to foster â€Å"justice† (Burnham, P. 2014 B). Not everyone agrees with Smith’s theory of the invisible hand and that the free-market benefits society. The free-market does not work efficiently when externalities exist. An externality is an action of an individual that has an impact on others, which the individual does not pay for/the other individual is not compensated for, so therefore, the market price does not reflect the true cost to society (Mankiw Taylor, 2014 p. 189). Marx argued that the capital class, that is those who own the modes of production, do not work and therefore exploit the workers. He also believes that capitalists would eventually accumulate more and more capital, further exploiting the working class (Marx, 1999, Vol. 7). More recently, Joseph Stiglitz identifies that markets are too short-term driven, and are unlikely to invest in research and development, which historically has been done by the government. As well as this, Stiglitz believes that due to asymmetric information and individuals pursui ng their own personal interest, the free-market will inevitably lead to those with the information to benefit at the expense of others, therefore, markets will not be efficient (Stiglitz, 2004). This can be seen in George Akerlof’s example of a used car salesman, who has more information than the customer, and so can gain at the expense of the customer (Akerlof, 1970). Conclusion Adam Smith was immensely influential and made a huge contribution to the tradition of classical political economy. He produced the building blocks for basic liberal economics that of the free-market – and many of his theories are still used in some way today. Smith’s works influenced many prominent economically liberal academics of the 20th Century, including Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek. Smith’s theories have been adopted by governments, most notably Margaret Thatcher’s and Ronald Reegan’s, and have been adapted to suit the different situation of modern society. With hindsight, and through criticisms from prominent academics, such as Karl Marx, we now know that there are faults with some of Smith’s key theories, such as asymmetric information and externalities in a market. However, in the 18th Century, Smith’s theories were revolutionary and helped change the political-economic system of Britain from that of mercantilism to cl assical political economy. Smith’s theories also helped to kick-start Britain’s Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century, which aided Britain’s ascension to be the most powerful and wealthy country in the world (Hudson, 2011). Therefore, it could be argued that his contribution was immense and nearly two hundred and fifty years later, he continues to influence political and economic thinking. Bibliography Smith, A. (2008)An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: A Selected Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, USA Burnham, P. (A) (2014) What is political economy-2.ppt, 08 20891 Political Economy. [online via internal VLE] University of Birmingham available at: https://canvas.bham.ac.uk/courses/7985/files/845717?module_item_id=147603 Burnham, P. (B) (2014) Economic liberalism.pptx, 08 20891 Political Economy. [online via internal VLE] University of Birmingham available at: https://canvas.bham.ac.uk/courses/7985/files/845717?module_item_id=147603 Marx, K. (1988)Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and the Communist Manifesto (Great Books in Philosophy). Prometheus Books Marx, K. (1999)Das Kapital: A Critique of Political Economy. Regnery Publishing, Inc., An Eagle Publishing Company Smith, A. (2006)The Theory of Moral Sentiments. 7 vols. United States: Waking Lion Press Mankiw, G. and Taylor, M. (2014)Economics. 3rd ed. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Cengage Learning Stiglitz, J. (2004)The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World’s Most Prosperous Decade. Norton, W. W. Company, Inc. Akerlof, G. (1970) The Market for â€Å"Lemons†: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.The Quarterly Journal of Economics[online], 84 (3). Available from: http://socsci2.ucsd.edu/~aronatas/project/academic/Akerlof%20on%20Lemons.pdf Hudson, P. (2011) The Workshop of the World. BBC [online], 29 March. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml [Accessed 4 December 2014]

John Updikes A&P Essay -- English Literature

John Updike's A&P Many of the events that take place in John Updike's "A&P" would not have happened had the town lived under a Marxist society. Marxism is a socio-economic ideal where all people work for the good of the community and is characterized by not having any social class distinctions. The division of Classes in "A&P" is very apparent, especially between Sammy, the protagonist and first person narrator, and the three girls, one of the three antagonists, who walk into the store during the exposition. There is also a cast disparity between Sammy and Lengel, the store manager and another antagonist (along with society, who complete the three). A distinction is also noticeable between the three girls and the rest of the shoppers in the convenience store. The story is told entirely in flashback and is set in a grocery store in a town north of Boston, Massachusetts during one Thursday in summer. During the exposition we learn that Sammy is working one of the cash registers. Later in the story we are told that he is 19 years old and by his description of how his parents treat company we can assume he comes from a middle class family. We are lead to believe during Sammys narration that the three girls, on the other hand, come from a rich or high societal background. The way Queenie is described by Sammy as having prima-donna legs and walking slow while holding herself straight paints a portrait of a high society woman. The fact that Sammy calls her prim twice also leads us in that direction. Sammy looks up to Queenie because she is different and places her on a higher level than the "sheep" in the store. When Sammy quits his job, creating a conflict between he and Lengel, his motive is to become the .. ...ls us she was embarrassed by the whole situation-where she felt out of place because of her high stature in society. These scenes, of course, would never have taken place in Marxist cultures because the government would have provided for it's citizens and the girls would have never found themselves being humiliated in front of a lesser class of people. All the conflicts that take place in Updike's "A&P" would have been avoided in a Marxist society. Lengel and Sammy would have never had a confrontation because Sammy would not have been trying to impress a high society girl. Likewise, the three girls would not have found themselves shopping for a snack in the A&P because the government would have provided it for them. This leaves us with one question, however, In a Marxist society, would Sammy have realized his adulthood or would he have remained a child?